Second, Peter has no known relationship with the churches of Asia Minor. First, the historical situation presupposed in the letter (viz., open and official persecution of Christians in the provinces) has several difficulties with it. Peter first admonishes believers to do good even if they should suffer (3:13-17). Pull the reader in without giving too much away, then provide a quick overview of the reflective topic. Students are presented with prompts related to societal, political, historic or popular culture and, in 20 minutes, prepare a five-minute speech responding to the prompt. For example, if you begin by describing a scenario, you can end with the same scenario as proof that your essay is helpful in creating a new understanding. So Kümmel seems to be right in saying that “no one has yet proved that γράφω διά τινος can mean to authorize someone else to compose a piece of writing.”13, Michaels summarizes the meaning of the idiom: “although the characteristic verb is γράφω, ‘to write,’ … the expression refers not to the composition of the letter but to its delivery.”14. A licence is granted for personal study and classroom use. Redistribution in any other form is prohibited. The Solution: Follow the Example of Paul (3:3-4:1), C. Concerning How to Think and Live (4:8-9), VI. One could conjecture that Luke was the unnamed amanuensis because (1) he was in Rome in 63-64 CE (when we date 1 Peter);17 and (2) the Greek of 1 Peter stands as close to the quality found in Luke-Acts or Hebrews as virtually any other book in the New Testament. If, however, Peter is the author, then a date up to 64 CE is allowable.34 However, a date earlier than 64 is not probable because (1) the theme of persecution fits well with the end of Nero’s reign; and (2) the probability that Peter is writing to largely Gentile churches argues for a date shortly after Paul’s death,35 for otherwise Peter would seem to be intruding on Paul’s domain. Or if Congress legalized marijuana for Washington, would there not be greater boldness and openness in its use throughout the country? ed. There apparently never was a question in the minds of the Fathers of the Church as to the canonical authority of Philippians or about its authorship.6. One simply cannot have his cake and eat it, too.8, Another solution presents itself: Peter used an amanuensis for 1 Peter and wrote 2 Peter himself. Paul and Silas did not flee, but instead stayed and shared the gospel with the jailer who subsequently—both he and his entire family—came to the Lord (Acts 16:25-34). Part of this issue revolves around the audience. That Peter means the geographical, rather than political districts, in the terms “Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia and Bithynia” is evident from the fact that Pontus and Bithynia were one province politically, but were separate areas geographically. Did Peter employ another of Paul’s associates for the writing, and Silvanus for the sending of the letter? In the first major segment Peter details the identity of the people of God (1:3–2:10). The theory of a professional scribe, or amanuensis, has customarily been linked with the reference to Silvanus in 5:12, but the phrase “through Silvanus” more likely identifies the bearer of the letter. Commentary on Jude 1:1-4 (Read Jude 1:1-4 ) Christians are called out of the world, from the evil spirit and temper of it; called above the world, to higher and better things, to heaven, things unseen and eternal; called from sin to Christ, from vanity to seriousness, from uncleanness to holiness; and this according to the Divine purpose and grace. See Robinson, 148-49, for a helpful discussion. If Ephesians is not by Paul, but was written sometime after his death, then of course Peter could not have written 1 Peter, since the author apparently depends so much on Ephesians. Put simply, the Greek of 1 Peter seems too good for Peter. Philippians appears in the oldest extant lists of NT writings—the Muratorian Canon (later second century) and the special canon of Marcion (d. ca. The people there were both Romans and Greeks and spoke predominantly Greek even though Latin was the official language.3. Although there is no historical evidence that Nero’s persecutions ever got beyond Rome, the fact is that Peter would hardly be in a position to know that this would be the case. Indeed, as these seem to be Gentile churches, one wonders what the “apostle to the circumcision” would be doing in writing to those under Paul’s care. This at least proves wrong Michaels’ statement that “it is doubtful that the simple διά, ‘through,’ can bear so much weight”15 for in one instance at least it bears even more! Not only do we see this in Mark’s Gospel (written under Peter’s direction/influence), but 2 Peter also may betray this: if Jude has priority over 2 Peter, that cannot be as large a problem as has been supposed in light of Peter’s already demonstrated tendency to borrow heavily (in 1 Peter) from another writer. As she listened to Paul speak, the Lord opened her heart to respond. 40As we will suggest for 2 Peter, Peter again addresses the same Christians, though his letter is now intended to be more of a circular to all of Paul’s former domain (hence, there is no specific address in 2 Peter). Second, Peter highlights what for him seems to be the key to the Christian life: respect (2:13–3:12). HOW ZARATHUSTRA CAME INTO BEING. For example, there must be enough time to have: (1) someone sent from Paul to inform the Philippians that he was in prison; (2) the Philippians send Epaphroditus to Paul with their gift for him (2:25); and (3) someone dispatched to Philippi with the report about Epaphroditus’s health. The implication that some scholars make of this is that Christianity has been outlawed by the state throughout the Roman Empire. What is to say that this could not be the case in 1 Peter 5:12? This Surah contains 286 verses, rendering it the longest Surah in the Holy Qur'an. The Greek text of Acts 16:13 is somewhat uncertain, but it seems that there were not enough men (i.e., 10) practicing Judaism in Philippi to have a synagogue. ... for example, when put alongside of all past seriousness on earth, and alongside of all past solemnities in bearing, word, tone, look, morality, and pursuit, as their truest involuntary parody—and WITH which, nevertheless, perhaps THE GREAT SERIOUSNESS only commences, when the proper interrogative … Again, as Guthrie points out, “no doubt these areas had been evangelized by converts of Paul, but had probably not known him personally.”22 It would be most natural for Peter to write first to Gentile Christians on the fringes of Paul’s  ministry because they would be most in danger of defecting when persecution came. If an amanuensis was used for 2 Peter, it is probably a good thing that his name is not mentioned! and Ph.D. from Dallas Theological Seminary. If so, it could have been written in 63 CE. This double problem, in our view, is one of the keys to the purpose of this entire epistle. 39Wayne Grudem, 1 Peter (Tyndale New Testament Commentaries), 40. A late date for Galatians would prove this to be true. Thus, even in the most intimate relations in life, Peter is addressing the relation of believer to unbeliever in this section. Two considerations have caused several scholars to see this letter as something of a patchwork effort: (1) the doxology at 4:11 and (2) the different emphasis on persecution after 4:11. More importantly, however, the author of this letter outshines Paul in his skill in Greek, yet Paul had decidedly better training in the ways of Hellas than Peter. Entire passages are little more than an expansion or restatement of Pauline texts, and whole verses are a kind of mosaic of Pauline words and forms of expression. 5See the discussion on James under the heading, “Recent Critical Discussions: The Greek is too good for a Galilean peasant.”. Yet, since the content of 4:12–5:11 is virtually the same as 4:7-11, there must be a reason for the repetition. He also gave the new colony the highest privilege obtainable by a Roman provincial municipality—the ius italicum. Not only are there over a dozen parallels (both conceptual and linguistic), but the reason for this naturally presents itself: Daniel, a Jew, was in a position of governmental leadership in a foreign government. Third, assuming that 2 Peter is authentic, extreme doubt remains that both letters were penned by the same author without the use of an amanuensis for at least one of them. In 42 BCE Mark Antony and Octavian defeated Brutus and Cassius, the assassins of Julius Caesar, in a battle at Philippi. We will begin with external evidence, as this is much easier to deal with for this epistle. If the place of writing is indeed Rome, the date of the letter is probably sometime between 60-62 CE, perhaps toward the end of his imprisonment since he seems to allude to a speedy release (Phil 2:24). Concerning Humility and Obedience (2:1-18), b. Specifically: (1) 1:18—“you were ransomed from the futile ways inherited from your fathers”; (2) 2:10—“once you were no people, but now you are the people of God”; (3) “let the time that is past suffice for doing what the Gentiles like to do”; and (4) 4:4—“they are surprised that you do not now join them in the same wild profligacy.” The problem with this view is that there were several strong Jewish communities in the provinces, and it is doubtful that none of the churches here would be completely Gentile in make-up. First, the historical situation presupposed is that of open persecution (cf. 1) Linguistic Objections. As we have argued under authorship, we believe the occasion for this letter is twofold. This attitude is for every Christian—and Peter proceeds to categorize three groups of believers and three groups of people who should be respected. (3) Finally, believers are a chosen priesthood (2:1-10)—whose identity requires of them that they crave the word (2:1-3) and come to Christ in worship by offering a spiritual sacrifice which is acceptable to God (2:4-5). Apart from F. C. Baur’s skepticism and a few scholars who followed in his train in the nineteenth century,1 Philippians has been unassailed. Secondly, it must be shown that Peter and Paul represent divergent tendencies which are unlikely to have permitted close liaison between them. The problem with this is twofold: (1) There is no evidence that pseudonymity was accepted anywhere in the ancient world for an epistle. بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمنِ الرَّحِيمِ . As a theologian, the writer has a mind of his own and is no mere echo of Paul, but it is abundantly evident that he has formed himself on Paul’s writings.24. . …the primitive church, as far back as any evidence exists, regarded it as a genuine epistle of Peter, and thus any discussion of objections to Petrine authorship must sufficiently take account of this fact.2. Paul originally went to Macedonia because of a night vision described for us in Acts 16:9. 24F. In this introduction we have,I. F. W. Beare makes much of the doctrinal objection, and its full force should be felt: … it seems incredible that Peter should show such clear dependence upon the Epistles of St. Paul, with whom he never had any close relations.… It is true that he does not expound the distinctive Pauline doctrines of freedom from the law, justification by faith and the mystical union of the Christian with Christ; but this is in part at least a matter of emphasis, and due in large degree to the character of the writing and of the people addressed. How to Obtain Help from Jesus (Matthew 15:21-28), New Testament: Introductions and Outlines. 10On the issue of how much freedom an amanuensis might have in composing his master’s work, see our discussion on James’ linguistic abilities. Acts 16:6-7), though there can be little doubt that his converts from adjacent regions were responsible for bringing the gospel north. Hence, there would be no reason for Peter to become a disciple of Paul until Paul’s death, and this very death meant that he had no time for training. Second, there appears to have been some discord and division in the church and so the apostle writes to encourage humility with a view toward unity (2:1-18; 4:2-3). English is a language that welcomes modifiers with open arms. Most scholars also believe that Peter died a little later than Paul. Some today would place Paul’s death as late as 67-68 CE (e.g., Harold Hoehner). On the premise of Petrine authorship of both epistles, the expedient that Peter used two different amanuenses, of course, is available; however, not only is no amanuensis mentioned for 2 Peter (while Silvanus is mentioned in 1 Peter 5:12)6, but the Greek of 2 Peter is of a distinctly poorer quality than that of 1 Peter. The Loogaroo is an example of how a vampire belief can result from a combination of beliefs, here a mixture of French and African Vodu or voodoo. What is usually not mentioned (or if it is, its implications are not seen), however, is that the resemblances between Acts and 1 Peter are more conceptual while the resemblances between Acts and 2 Peter are also linguistic. Read this essay’s introduction, body paragraphs and the conclusion below. Hawthorne comments: Echoes of Philippians may be heard in the writings of Clement (ca. We could add two other points: (1) this view, which excises 1:1ff. Nous voudrions effectuer une description ici mais le site que vous consultez ne nous en laisse pas la possibilité. Learn what elements every argumentative essay should include and how to structure it depending on your audience in this easy step-by-step guide. Like all of Paul’s churches, these too were probably predominantly Gentile with a Jewish element as well. How is it possible for pseudonymous writings to be both accepted for what they are and rejected for what they are at the same time by the same people? 44This outline is a modification of that found in J. R. Michaels, 1 Peter (WBC), xxxvii. The theme of 1 Peter is: Experiencing God’s grace in the midst of suffering. . Third, Peter encourages not just passive suffering for righteousness’ sake, but actually actively doing good (3:13–4:6). In sum, not only are the historical objections without real foundation, but in fact the twin occasion of this epistle, the coming persecutions and the passing of Paul, argue very strongly for authenticity. Round out your writing with a solid conclusion that concisely restates what you learned. This second major section involves four parts. This strategy brings the reader full circle. The first-century Pope, St. Clement of Rome, proposes Judith as an example of courageous love (1 Corinthians 55). Abroad, the United States fought a multi-front battle against the spread Communism. Gordon D. Fee (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995), 26. And even if not, he was an important link between Paul and now Peter, and it is certain that some of the addressees would know him by face.23. A critique is not (only) a criticism. But fraction views are based on such subtle evidence (3:21 being the only concrete reference to baptism), involve no clear seams, and are all shipwreck on the earliest textual evidence. This interactive sample is designed to give you a way to examine an example of a well-formed Précis and to explore commentary about it. Hence a discussion of the internal and external evidence is in order. Peter first encourages the believers in light of the sufferings of Christ to suffer in the name of Christ (4:12-14). Second, one curious omission from the discussion is whether the bearer of a letter could also be the amanuensis at times. Frank E. Gaebelein, vol. First, it seems that the Philippian church had helped Paul financially at the outset of his ministry around 49 CE (Phil 4:15-16). We have already dealt with two possible dates under “historical objections” to Petrine authorship (viz., during Domitian’s reign and during Trajan’s). Once we have answered this question with a reasonable degree of certainty we can postulate a date for the book. But as much as this enemy should motivate us to depend on God, he should not cause us undue fear, for our God is greater than he is (5:10-11). AD 160). Mixed. Doing this will ensure you cover all the necessary information in the commentary. He placed retired soldiers there to ensure loyalty to Rome and established it as a military outpost. To sum up our counter-arguments to the objections, not only are these not truly substantive in nature, but every one of them fits in remarkably well with the occasion we have suggested for this letter, viz., the death of Paul. First, Peter summarizes believers’ responsibilities before the world: abstain from sin (2:11) and live good lives before non-Christians (2:12). Although on the surface 4:12ff. Salvation as Privilege: Witnessed by Prophets and Angels (1:10-12), III. 4:11 suggests, Luke presents himself as the most likely candidate to help Peter write his first epistle shortly after Paul’s death (the time when we date this letter), since he is ready at hand (and his writing skills have already been demonstrated). It can be seen throughout this major section that Peter does not compartmentalize his thought as well as does Paul: although he is stressing the indicatives of the faith, he cannot help but admonish his audience along the way (contrasted with Romans and especially Ephesians, the two books on which Peter most heavily relies). The racial group of the audience must be either Jewish, Gentile, or Jewish-Gentile. The opening verse indicates that “Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ” is the author. The widely disparate length of the two sections conceals the fact that to some degree they are doublets. A critique is a specific style of essay in which you identify, evaluate, and respond to an author's ideas, both positively and negatively. The Responsibilities of a Church in the Midst of Trials (5:1-11). In 356 BCE, however, Philip II of Macedon, the father of Alexander the Great, took over the city and named it after himself. Peter concludes this section with a further reason why believers need to depend on God: there is a supernatural enemy who seeks to devour Christians (5:8-9). But if a letter from Peter—the very man Paul had rebuked at Antioch, and had written the Galatians about—confirmed their faith and told them not to give up, this would indeed be great encouragement. Were not the Wichita anti-abortion protesters emboldened by the Bush administration’s statements regarding abortion? Today, however, this is disputed by several scholars. Second, Peter urges the church to get on with its business in spite of the trials (5:1-11). Because Christ’s return is imminent, believers should pray with a clear mind (4:7), love with deep affection (4:8), show hospitality without grumbling (4:9), and exercise spiritual gifts with faithfulness (4:10-11). Hence the naivete of biblical scholars who cannot see persecution unless it is official persecution for that province is, to me, quite astounding. Polycarp definitely quotes from it, though he does not identify the quoted material as coming from Peter. 2 Tim. Paul, after all, was not one of the original Twelve. Examples of Reflective Essays. Further, he wrote it to encourage them in the faith in light of persecutions. H. Maindonald 2000, 2004, 2008. But, apart from the fact that there is no evidence of any totally Jewish Christian churches in these provinces, there are several references within the epistle which argue that the audience came from a pagan background. Return to the theme or themes in the introduction. This view is based on (1) the Jewish overtones of 1:1 (“elect strangers of the dispersion”) and (2) the heavy use of the OT by the author. 2 Gerald F. Hawthorne, Philippians, WBC, ed. In the South, blacks fought a stubborn white establishment for the rights they were owed under the Constitution. A. M. Hunter, in fact, calls the Trajanic theory “very rash” (quote in Guthrie, ibid.). I'm just starting my commentary and I'd just like to ask.. Are we not allowed to voice some connections? His Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament ... More. . The Example of Christ’s Humility (2:5-11), III. Interestingly, Michaels argues strongly for the former position: … if, as appears likely, 1 Peter was a semi-official communication from the Christian community at Rome (similar in this respect to 1 Clement), addressed as a diaspora letter to a wide circle of congregations on the far frontiers of the Roman Empire, then it need not be assumed that Peter composed it personally. When Paul returned to these cities on his second missionary journey he took Silvanus with him (Acts 15:36–16:1). 1. It is the linguistic argument which has proved decisive for many scholars, and in my mind is the most significant objection against Petrine authorship. Warnings Against the False Teaching of the Judaizers (3:1-4:1), A. The letter emphasizes hope in the midst of suffering, perseverance in spite of pain. R. V. G. Tasker (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980), 266-67; Richard N. Longenecker, “Acts” in The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, ed. If Peter is addressing especially the leaders of the church here it is quite appropriate, for the leaders would be targeted for special persecution. 4:12)”18; (3) there is nothing in 1 Peter which at all demands official government persecution. However for teaching and research, I have been disappointed in it's superficial and spotty coverage. Hence a discussion of the internal and external evidence is in order. The second problem, viz., that the addressees were not strictly Paul’s converts (a point we will address later) also is significant. As we will argue later, it was the death of Paul which prompted Peter to write in the first place. The information we have makes it impossible to be dogmatic on this question, but the strongest view may still be Rome. “So strong is the evidence for the use of this epistle in the early church that some scholars have regarded it as proved and maintained that it was considered to be canonical as early as this word had a meaning.”1 There are parallels in Clement of Rome’s Epistle to the Corinthians, Ignatius, Barnabas, and Shepherd of Hermas. Introduction A. Verse 1. After the introduction the apostle begins with a thanksgiving to God for the saving benefits bestowed on them . Other select non-canonical Christian texts may also have value for historical Jesus research. Both the reference in Acts 16:15 to “the members of her household” and the fact that Paul and his companions stayed with her, together may indicate that Lydia was a woman of some means. Other scholars also argue that Paul’s desire to send Timothy with the hope of receiving him back with news from the Philippians (2:19)—even though he believes there will be a verdict soon that might end his life—is a bit strained because of the distance between Rome and Philippi. Around midnight there was an earthquake and all the prison doors flew open. For example, the production of pig iron and steel increased by only 600,000 to 800,000 tons in 1929, barely surpassing the 1913-14 level. For example, you may note, ... You can go through the commentary and write down “introduction” or “discussion of text” next to the relevant paragraphs in the commentary.

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